Critical Risks, Problems, and Assumptions on Sports Facility Essay

Critical Risks, Problems, and Assumptions on Sports Facility - Essay Example etween two parities involved in practice or main match, violence attacks like those that happen in a real match, immunity issues, and sloppy physical examination of the participant before taking part in a sport event etc. The Facility manager carries the most responsible position to tackle the risk factors and arrange a strategic plan to manage the risks either by appointing a physician, or insurance coverage etc. Risks such as baseball foul balls might hit at the audience, a facility owner deserves the responsibility to provide enough screened seats for those who may request them and the most risky part of the facility requests to be monitored. Spectators might be at big risk of the balls hitting at them, other than this cleaning the floor, providing a safe environment removing slapping hazard, the facility owner should see that the party getting injured should not develops further damages, this is called as assumption of risks.. A facility manager holds the responsibility to set a risk management programme to reduce the possibilities of risks. Assumption of risk is the ability of the participant to understand the general risk of injuries involved in the sport he takes part. The assumption should be understood legally by the participant, which will act as a â€Å"legal defence† [Ray, 2000]. The participant should be able to undertake the activities without paying much attention towards the hazards. Chen & Esposito [2004] observes assumption of risk under two conditions they are â€Å"(a) The athlete must fully appreciate and understand the type and magnitude of the risk involved in participation. (b) The athlete must also â€Å"knowingly, voluntarily, and unequivocally† choose to participate† Chen & Esposito. [2004]. Insurance: There are special types of insurance coverage given for sports facilities such as [1] Accident insurance – in the case of injuries, sever hurts etc, [2]. Equipments Insurance- this is a special insurance coverage given for the sports

Adult education self reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adult education self reflection - Essay Example These include the social, economical, and political social settings. The dispensers of knowledge are the people who we refer to as the teachers. Teachers are responsible for providing direction and highlighting the requisite elements of learning a concept. Therefore, teachers play a central role in the process of learning. The most stressed form of teaching is the child education characterizing the social and economic structures of most societies. However, learning continues into adulthood. Therefore, since teaching is a practice that can be administered to every member of the society, the learners can be categorized into two broad groups, which are the young learners and the adult learners. Recognition of these two distinct groups of learners brings us to the juncture of understanding the context of adult teaching and learning (Griff, 2008 p.120). Introduction Adult learning is a phrase describing the type of learning administered to adult members of the society. The adult learning settings could include places like institutions of higher learning, work places, and any other setting where administration of knowledge is happening. As it is understood from the basic principles that the purpose of administering knowledge is to instill some principles concerning a social, political, or economic concept into the learner, it can be understood that learning has to be carried in a systematic manner that will facilitate optimum understanding of an underlying concept by the learner. It is undeniable that adult learners require different tools and techniques in order to learn, compared to their young counterparts (Pete & Alisa, 2010 p.48). Therefore, adult teachers are expected to acknowledge this fact and develop suitable mechanisms and techniques of achieving the objectives of adult learning efficiently. During their trainings as adult teachers, these individuals will be expected to master the principles guiding adult learning. Once in the field, these teachers are exp ected to articulate the knowledge into their expertise. To check the application of these ideal principles in their duties, the adult teachers evaluate themselves by the use of self-reflective inventories. Now, it will be logical to postulate that the process of effectively dispensing knowledge to adults has to follow some formulated set of standards, which must be adhered to by the teachers in order to achieve the objectives of the exercise. Self-Assessment inventory is a tool used to evaluate or gauge someone’s adherence to some guiding or ideal principles in the course of duty. In this context, self-assessment inventories are formulated questionnaire papers used by adult teachers to gauge their professionals in their teaching duty. Since a teacher who sticks to the practice of ideal teaching principles can only attain optimal adult teaching, it is advisable for every tutor to ensure close inclination of these principles as much as possible. Therefore, teachers use the inve ntories to evaluate their position in reference to the standard teaching requirements. These inventories are usually made of open or wide range close-ended questionnaires. During evaluation exercises, a teacher is supposed to respond to the open-ended questions as honestly as possible. Upon completion of responds, the teacher will evaluate his/her position by comparing the questionnaires responses with the expected standards of teaching. Self-evaluation will unearth the teacher’s weaknesses and strengths in his/her duty. Having acquired the knowledge concerning strengths and weaknesses, a teacher will react by developing control mechanism that will ensure professional performance

Organisation of Essential Services in Mauritius

Organisation of Essential Services in Mauritius 3.0 Introduction The level of activities at the MFRS is very high and includes a cocktail of hazards and risks to the HS of its employees. In any essential service organization, where there is poor HS management system, the fire fighter’s safety is compelled to be affected and impaired. Therefore, the provision of adequate HS measures become necessary as it greatly contributes to enhance fire fighter’s safety and health. 3.1 An overview of the Fire Service Department in Mauritius Port Louis Coromandel Quatre Bornes Curepipe St Aubin Mahebourg Flacq Piton Triolet 3.1.1. History and Foundation Founded in the year 1906 the first fire station was erected in the centre of Port-Louis and named Port Louis Municipal Fire Station. At this date Mauritius had 11 stations including 4 Municipals, 4 districts, 1 Mauritius Marine Limited (MMA), 1 Airport Mauritius Limited (AML) and 1 Port-Mathurin, Rodrigues. But, nowadays with the exception of the AML, MMA and Port- Mathurin Fire Station, the other fire station has merged into the Government Fire Services under the Ministry of Local Government with addition of two more fire stations. However, with rapid development and complexity of incidents the fire services has added more tasks in their duties and hence has added rescue operation where fire fighters provide paramedic services as well. This is why it is now called the Fire and Rescue Services Department. (Fire Services Act, 1947, Mauritius). Henceforth, MFRS is responsible for ensuring the people of the republic of Mauritius are supported by and benefit from, an effective disaster and emergency management system and essential emergency response services. The MFRS provides fire mitigation and management services, emergency rescue and disaster management services. It currently operates 9 Fire Stations manned by about 800 fire fighters working on 4 shifts to provide fire and emergency cover for the whole country with a population of about 1.2 million. This gives us a fire fighter-to-population ratio of 1 fire fighter on duty for every 7000 in population to respond to an annual average of 5000 to 6000 fires, about 2000 non-fire incidents with a fleet of about 40 fire fighting vehicles. 3.1.3 Organigram of the Fire and Rescue Services. (Appendix) 3.1.4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS. 1. Fire Prevention Issuing of fire certificate, fire clearance and certificate of registration. Inspection of places where the above certificates can be issued like high rise buildings, shops, industries and so on. Carrying out fire awareness campaigns at workplaces and schools. Performing fire drills for fire alertness. 2. Operation. Indulging in fire fighting. Carry out rescue operation, for example; road accidents, rescue of animals. Render other special services, for example; floods, cyclones and tsunami. Carryout safety talks at community level. Carrying out fire drills at station level. 3. Control Room Unit Hazards emergency calls ( Dial the hotline 115) Mobilize suitable operational (at station level) resources. Notify other agencies relevant to incident. Produce relevant support in dealing with emergency. Record and maintain data relating to emergency. 4. Hydrant Maintenance of fire hydrant. Installation of new hydrant. Seek location for water sources. 5. Training unit Carrying the training for new recruit’s fire fighters. Performing refreshers training to fire fighters in relation to their duties. Giving lectures in connection with fire awareness campaigns. 3.1.5. Division of Labour. Fire services in Mauritius comprises of about 700 staffs which include the following: Table 3.1: Division of labour CFO- Head of department. DCFO-Assist the CFO in his daily routine work. ACFO-Assist the DCFO in his work. DO- Responsible for controlling a number of sections or stations. SSO-Responsible for the management of only one particular station. STNO-Responsible for controlling a particular team (watch) in a station. SO-Assist the STNO in his daily station routine work. FF-Carry out all operations work like firefighting rescue and other cognate duties. 3.2. Vision of the MFRS. To have a Republic of Mauritius free from the dangers of fire and other emergency threats and safe to live, work and visit anytime and anywhere. 3.3. Mission of the MFRS The mission of the Fire Services Department is to: Save life Effect rescue in Road Traffic Accident, flooding, cyclone, tsunami and other natural calamities. Protect properties endangered by fire and the environment. Effect special services. Render humanitarian services and give advice on fire prevention and protection measures. 3.4. The strategic goals of the MFRS are dedicated to build a safe Mauritius society by: Reduce the number of fires, road accidents and other emergency incidents. Reduce the severity of injuries in fire, road traffic accidents and other emergency vehicles. Reduce commercial, economic and social impact of fires and other emergency incidents. Create a safe working environment for our fire fighters. Safe guard the environment and heritage (both built and natural). Provide a sustainable service that demonstrate quality and best value service provision. Building public confidence in the fire services. Continually develop the resources available to meet changing needs. Working effectively with all their partners and stakeholders. 3.5. Health and Safety at MFRS. With the promulgation of the OSHA in the year 2007, the minister proclaimed that this act shall bind the state as per Section 3 of OSHA 2005. 3.5.1. Health and Safety Officer. At the MFRS, there is no such appointed officer. However, there are safety officers from the Ministry who come on regular OSH audit to identify risks to SH. They recommend in writing all recommendations and measures that have to be implemented by the employers. The role of Health and safety Officer (HSO) is to implement appropriate training program to meet the requirements of OSHA 2005, but it can be argued that this requirement is not met. It should be noted that practically all the hazards and risk pertaining to the job of firefighters are found on incident ground. So, HSO from the ministry caters for only 5% of HS of fire-fighters. 3.5.2. Role of Incident Commander as HSO. The incident commander has the duty to supervise and monitor the safety and health of fire fighters on incident ground. He must carry a dynamic risk assessment with the continuous changing environment because new hazards, emerged with increased risks. Unfortunately, those commanders have not been given SH training and carryout their job without caring for the SH of fire-fighters. 3.5.3. Medical Check up. According to section 77 of OSHA, a medical check up is carried out periodically at the public hospitals as recommended by the Occupational physician. Unluckily some firefighters do not attend medical appointment. 3.5.4. First Aid According to section 45 of OSHA 2005 and First Aid Regulation, first aid boxes with appropriate items are to be placed at conspicuous place. At fire stations, there are first aid boxes but there are missing first aid items or else they are out of date. 3.5.5. Health and Safety Training Section 5 of OSHA 2005 stipulates the duties of employer where training is an important element for the health and safety of personnel. Despite the fact that there are qualified firefighters with Bsc honors working in private companies as HSO, the MFRS have never used the competency of these firefighters to undergo any SH training. Consequently, they lack information and instructions on proper use of PPE’s, tools, equipment and how to carryout their jobs in a safe and healthy manner. 3.6 Summary This chapter has provided an overview at MFRS, stressing on the mission, vision, strategic, goals and task organization. The role of incident Commander as HSO, general SH in the MFRS, SH training.

The Short Stories of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay -- Biography Biograp

The Short Stories of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Short story writer. Novelist. Journalist. Political activist. Nobel Prize winner. Most beloved of 20th century Latin American authors, Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born on March 6, 1928, in the small coastal town of Aracataca, Colombia. He published his first story, "The Third Resignation," in 1947 and began studying law and journalism. His first novel, Leafstorm, was published in 1955, the same year the Colombian government shut down his employer, the newspaper El Espectador. In 1958, after 14 years of engagement, he married Mercedes Burcha and began working for the Caracas newspaper, El Momento. During the Cuban Revolution in 1959, he worked for Cuba’s Prensa Latina in Bogota, Cuba, and New York. He published No One Writes to the Colonel in 1961 and was awarded the Colombian National Novel Prize for In Evil Hour. After two years of seclusion he published his most famed novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude; in 1970, it was published in English and named one of Time’s ten best books of the year. Always active in politics, Garcia Marquez founded the leftist magazine, Alternativa, in Bogota. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. Other important novels in Garcia Marquez’s large body of work include Love in the Time of Cholera, The Autumn of the Patriarch, Of Love and Other Demons, and The General in His Labyrinth, about Simon Bolivar. His most recent work, News of a Kidnapping, published in 1996, is a piece of journalistic nonfiction. Prolific and versatile, Garcia Marquez has endured for half a century and earned himself an honored place in world literature. Though not as well known as his novels, his short stories make for particularly fascinating reading. His first... ...entence conjures imagery of the Garden of Eden, and implies that since that time, man has lived in a meaningless, disoriented fog of self-absorption. Though perhaps not as accomplished as his fine novels, the early short stories of Gabriel Garcia Marquez accurately embody the atmosphere of the 20th century. His Kafkaesqe visions deftly blur the line between the real and the unreal, the physical and the imaginary. The psychological and philosophical torment of his characters reverberates throughout the work of many other modern authors, and these stories serve as an auspicious beginning to a remarkable career in world literature. Works Cited Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. "Eva Is Inside Her Cat." Collected Stories. Cambridge: Harper & Row, 1984. 3-12. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. "The Third Resignation." Collected Stories. Cambridge: Harper & Row, 1984. 23-34.

Yellowstone Super Volcano

The Yellowstone volcano is known to many as the most dangerous volcano is America. Right now, the ground underneath Yellowstone National Park is rising at an alarming rate. In fact, it is rising at the rate of about three inches per year., which is practically unheard of. The reason why this is such a concern is because underneath the park sits the Yellowstone supervolcano, the largest volcano in North America. Scientists tell us that it is inevitable that it will erupt again one day, and when it does the devastation will be almost unimaginable. But could it cause a mass extinction? A full-blown eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano would dump a 10 foot deep layer of volcanic ash up to 1,000 miles away, and it would put much of the United States as uninhabitable. With enough warning, the states near Yellowstone could be evacuated, which would largely avoid a great number of deaths caused by the downpour of ash. However, that's just in the short term, the aftermath would be the pro blem. For several days, ash would hang in the air, making it difficult to breathe. That blanket of ash covering the country would smother vegetation and pollute the water supply, which will quickly lead to a nationwide food crisis. As for the rest of the world, it would face a few years of mild climate change caused by the supereruption's ash cloud, which would wrap around the globe, casting Earth in shadow for several days and altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere for a decade or so. However, recent research shows the global impacts of supervolcanoes are less severe than scientists once thought.Scientists now think the vast majority of Earth's species would weather a Yellowstone supereruption just fine. They don't see any evidence in the geologic record of mass extinctions coinciding with supereruptions. In conclusion, they don't predict extinctions to result from such geologic events in the future.References1) http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/volcanoqa.htm 2)htt p://www.livescience.com/20714-yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption.html

Nora in a doll’s house: behind gendered lines

In classic Victorian marriages, the prevailing norm stereotypes roles in marriages that typify the male-dominated society classic of the era- women serving as decorations or as we know it today, trophy wives, to successful men.This prevailing status quo is what the society in Europe particularly Norway where A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen was set, sees as the order it needs to be free from confusion and disarray that could threaten the very foundation of the society.Nora is the personification of an emancipated female in that era- at first, the picture of an obedient wife whose very existence revolves around her husband but in the end, showing that women are not dolls who can be bribed to be the kind of persons their husbands want them to be. Nora therefore represents the modern-day empowered woman- strong, perceptive and willful to find her own happiness.II. ThesisThis paper argues that human rights entail a dynamic reorganization of society and its norms fuelled by both men and women alike. First, women like men are subjected to stereotyping of roles that defines their roles that they may not like.Nora and Torvald are both trapped in their roles. Second, it is the degree to which women and men embrace the deception and forgery that signifies their willingness to be emancipated. By the latter part of the discussion, it is evident that Nora had recognized her need to find herself and be educated in order to educate others and live happily free from deception. Third, women’s rights are human rights because in the process of liberating women, men are also liberated.III. IntroductionIn Victorian times, the very concept of women’s rights is revolutionary and appalling. A Doll’s House represented what most women in Victorian era in Europe experienced- though they were not subjected to harsh working conditions or sexual abuses, they are nonetheless abused (Coomaraswamy 16). However, to confine that it is only the women who are imprisoned i n a world of lies and deception would be a gross misunderstanding of Ibsen’s play.This essay evaluates the classic play that disentangles the organization of European society (and most countries as well) to bring it into order. A Doll’s House by Ibsen is critically analyzed on its perception of women’s right vis a vis human rights and how it had been fuelled by disguise and forgery. Moreover, an evaluation on Act III particularly the virtues of idealism and cynicism will be examined in lieu with the central theme of women liberation.IV. Nora in Ibsen’s PlayFirst, let us start with the role of Nora and Torvald Helmer. In Act I, Nora comes home with Christmas shopping while her husband emerges from the study. Note that Torvald had called Nora a â€Å"little lark twittering† (Ibsen, pp.2) and â€Å"little squirrel bustling† (p.2) as a metaphor on how he had treated her in the whole play- a display and a doll that he can manipulate to whatever h e wants to. Torvald by calling Nora such names establishes his authority within the family. Nora as his wife is his pet to whom he shelters.

Five More Reasons Why You Should Consider Private School

Five More Reasons Why You Should Consider Private School Some of the popular reasons why parents look at private school as an education option for their children include smaller classes and superb facilities. However, there are other important reasons why families choose to send their children to private school. Individual Attention Most parents want their children to have as much personal attention as possible. After all, you spent enormous amounts of time nurturing them when they were infants. If you can make it happen, you want them to receive as much individual attention as possible in school as well. If you send your child to a private school, it is most likely that she will be in a small class. Independent schools often have class sizes that range from 10 to 15 students, depending on grade. Parochial schools have slightly larger class sizes typically in the 20 to 25 student range. With a lower student to teacher ratio, teachers are able to give each student more individual attention. Another important aspect of increased individual attention is that discipline problems tend to be less frequent. There are two primary reasons why: most students are in private school because they have a strong desire to learn and, secondly, many private schools have more consistent enforcement of codes of conduct. In other words, if a student misbehaves or breaks the rules, there will be consequences, and those may include expulsion. Parental Involvement Private schools expect parents to be actively involved in their childs education. The concept of a three-way partnership is an important part of the way most private schools work. Naturally, the degree of participation and involvement will probably be greater if you have a child in preschool or elementary grades than if you are the parent of a high school student or a child away at boarding school. What kind of parental involvement are we talking about? That depends on you and the amount of time which you can devote to helping out. It also depends on your talents and experience. The best thing to do is to observe and see where you can fit in. If the school needs a gifted organizer to run the annual auction, then help out as a committee member for a year or two before offering to take on the lead role. If your daughters teacher asks you to help chaperone a field trip, thats an opportunity to show what a great team player you are. Academic Differences Most private schools do not have to teach to a test. As a result, they can focus on teaching your child how to think, as opposed to teaching her what to think. Thats an important concept to understand. In many public schools, poor test scores can mean less money for the school, negative publicity, and even the possibility that a teacher could be reviewed unfavorably. Private schools dont have those pressures of public accountability. They must meet or exceed state curriculum and minimum graduation requirements, but they are accountable only to their clientele. If the school does not achieve the desired results, parents will find a school which does. Because private school classes are small, your child cannot hide in the back of the class. If she does not understand a math concept, the teacher will probably discover that pretty quickly and can address the learning issue on the spot, rather than waiting weeks or months to fix it. Many schools use a teacher-guided approach to learning so that students discover that learning is exciting and full of possibilities. Since private schools offer all kinds of educational methods and approaches ranging from very traditional to very progressive, it is up to you to choose a school whose approach and philosophy meshes best with your own aims and objectives. A Balanced Program Ideally, you want your child to have a balanced program in school. A balanced program can be defined as equal parts academics, sports, and extracurricular activities. In private school, most students take part in sports as schools try to achieve that kind of balanced program. At some private schools, Wednesdays are a half-day of formal classes and a half-day of sports. In boarding schools, there may be classes on Saturday mornings, after which students participate in team sports. Sports programs and facilities vary greatly from school to school. Some of the more established boarding schools have sports programs and facilities which are finer than those at many colleges and universities. Regardless of the scope of a schools sports program, what is really important is that every child is required to participate in some athletic activity. Extracurricular activities are the third component of a balanced program. Like compulsory sports, students must participate in an extracurricular activity. Many private schools have extensive music, art, and drama programs, so there are many extracurricular activities to choose from. As you begin to explore school websites, review the sports and extracurricular activities as carefully as you review the academic curriculum. Make sure that your childs interests and needs are properly met. You should also note that intramural sports and most extracurricular activities are coached or supervised by faculty members. Seeing your math teacher coaching the soccer team and sharing your passion for the sport makes a huge impression on a young mind. In a private school, teachers have the opportunity to be exemplars in many things. Religious Teaching Public schools are required to keep religion out of the classroom. Private schools can teach religion or not, depending on the mission and philosophy of the particular school. If you are a devout Lutheran, there are hundreds of Lutheran owned and operated schools in which your beliefs and practices will not only be respected but taught on a daily basis. The same is true of all the other religious denominations. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Investigating effect of temperature on the activity of lipase Essays

Investigating effect of temperature on the activity of lipase Essays Investigating effect of temperature on the activity of lipase This practical gives you a chance to: investigate how lipase activity changes with temperature consider how indicators can help us to follow chemical reactions. Procedure SAFETY: Keep the phenolphthalein solution away from naked flames. Wear eye protection and quickly rinse any splashes of enzyme solution or sodium carbonate from the skin. Make sure you know what to do if a thermometer is broken. Investigation aLabel a test tube with the temperature you will be investigating. bAdd 5 drops of phenolphthalein to the test tube. cMeasure out 5 cm3 of milk using a measuring cylinder (or syringe) and add this to the test tube. dMeasure out 7 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution using another measuring cylinder (or syringe) and add this to the test tube. The solution should now be pink. ePlace a thermometer in the test tube. Take care as the equipment could topple over. fPlace the test tube in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. gRemove the thermometer from test tube and replace it with a glass rod. hUse the 2 cm3 syringe to measure out 1 cm3 of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. iAdd the lipase to the test tube and start the stopclock/ stopwatch. jStir the contents of the test tube until the solution loses its pink colour. kStop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. lPlot a graph of time taken for the reaction to occur against temperature. mYou can convert this to a rate of reaction graph by calculating 1 time for each of the temperatures. (If any tubes have not reacted in the time taken, this is a rate of zero.) QUESTIONS 1When fat breaks down, what is produced 2Use this information to explain why the phenolphthalein changes colour. 3What is the effect of temperature on the time taken for lipase to break down the fat in milk? 4Why does the temperature affect the action of lipase in this way? 5What is the difference between a time taken and a rate of reaction curve for this investigation? 6Why is it necessary to break down fat in the digestive system? 7Use other sources of information to find out about: bile salts and their effects on digestion of fats what happens to the fatty acids and glycerol once they have been absorbed from the digestive tract. ANSWERS 1When fat breaks down, fatty acids and glycerol are produced. 2The fatty acids lower the pH of the mixture which changes the colour of the phenolphthalein from pink to colourless. 3Increasing temperatures from 0 C to around 45 C will reduce the time taken for the lipase to break down the fat in milk. Over this temperature, the time taken will increase, or perhaps the lipase will not work at all. 4Temperature affects the action of lipase this way because increasing temperatures (up to around 40 C) increase the rate of reaction, by increasing the collision rate between the enzyme and substrate molecules (as in any chemical reaction). The highest rate of reaction is at the optimum temperature for the enzyme. The rate of reaction then reduces as temperature increases until, at some point, the reaction stops altogether. This is because at high temperatures (usually over 45 C), the protein structure of the enzyme is denatured by heat. The molecule loses its shape and the enzyme is de-activated. 5A time taken curve and a rate of reaction curve show similar patterns, but one is an upside-down version of the other. 6It is necessary to break down fat in the digestive system to make it easier to absorb through the membranes of the gut and also to make it soluble enough to transport in the blood. 7Bile salts emulsify fats, which means they make it easier to form an emulsion of tiny droplets of fat suspended in water. A fatty emulsion will not separate quickly. This increases the surface area of fat exposed to enzymes in solution and increases the rate of digestion. When fatty acids and glycerol have been absorbed from the digestive tract, they are transported through the lymphatic system and enter the bloodstream at the sub-clavian vein (underneath the collar bone).

Tomber dans les Pommes French Expression Explained

Tomber dans les Pommes French Expression Explained The French expression: Tomber dans les pommes  (pronounced [to(n) bay da(n) lay puhm]) means to faint or pass out. It has an informal  register  and literally translates to to fall in the apples. You might also hear the variation  partir dans les pommes (to leave in[to] the apples) Explanation The French expression tomber dans les pommes is a cute way of saying that someone fainted, but I wish I knew why/how apples are related to a state of unconsciousness.* This strange link continues in the equally informal expression rester dans les pommes - to (continue to) be out cold, to remain unconscious. *According to Le Grand Robert, the probable origin is George Sands à ªtre dans les pommes cuites, a play on à ªtre cuit (to be exhausted) in Rey et Chantreau, but that still doesnt explain what apples have to do with anything. Example Nayant rien mangà © depuis plus de 12 heures, elle est tombà ©e dans les pommes.Not having eaten anything for more than 12 hours, she passed out.

Relationship between Leisure Activity and Life Satisfaction Essay

Relationship between Leisure Activity and Life Satisfaction - Essay Example (Ragheb & Griffith, 1982). Although these two are distinct, life satisfaction is somewhat related to mind and leisure is related to physical aspect but they share a relationship. In this article I have focused on these few questions; (a) what leisure activities are taken by people (b) How different people participate in different activities (c) What is the relationship between life satisfaction and leisure activity (d) Are few leisure activities strongly related then others to life satisfaction The data is all related to the United States population and is taken from the census of the USA government. From all the data I have gathered, it's found out that frequency of participation in leisure activities also differ by sex, age and income levels. Furthermore there is a positive correlation between leisure activity and life satisfaction. The activity theory which states that the greater the frequency and intimacy of activity, the greater the life satisfaction; and the needs theory which refers to the theoretical frameworks which purport that when individuals satisfy their needs, this in turn has salutary effect on subjective wellbeing which leads to life satisfaction; (Diener and Lucas 2000) have been used in this article. Apart from the busy lives, people want leisure thus they engross themselves in different leisure activities. According to the US census of 2007 out of the total population, 1,255,897 million were attending and participating in various leisure activities. The table 1 below shows this; Activity Participants in the last 12 months/1 Number(000) % Adult educational courses 13462 6.1 Attend shows/art galleries/music & horse race 106796 48.4 Backgammon 3675 1.7 Cooking/baking/barbequing 125588 77.2 Billiard/pool/board games/chess/puzzles 97581 44.1 Bird watching 12498 5.7 Book club/reading books & comics 97390 44.2 Concert on radio 6997 3.2 Dining out 107456 48.7 Electronic games/computer games 63282 28.7 Entertain friends/relatives 90197 40.8 Sport league 6192 2.8 Fly kites 5219 2.4 Furniture refinish/ home decoration/wood work 44245 20 Go to bars/beach/theatre/museum 149346 67.7 Karaoke 9142 4.1 Model making 3501 1.6 painting/drawing 15146 6.9 Photo album/ scrapbook 17782 8.1 Photography 28340 12.8 picnic 22426 10.2 Play bingo/cards/musical instruments 77228 35 Trivia/video/words game 59737 27 Zoo attendance 27081 12.3 Source: Mediamark research. New York, N.Y, According to the table people are involved in different leisure activities; all indoor and out door. People have different moods which set up their way of choosing a leisure activity. Life satisfaction is attained by different people in different ways and so different leisure activity gives people different levels of life satisfaction. As shown, people are mostly interested in Cooking/baking/barbequing and then the priority is given to going to bars/beaches/theatre and museums. The least number of participants are in model making. Thus majority of the US population prefer indoor activity; staying at home and involving themselves in cooking/baking and barbequing which gives them satisfaction; out of the population second preference is given to outdoor activities which satisfy people. Indoor activities like model

Youth Leadership and Devcelopment as a Social Movement Essay

Youth Leadership and Devcelopment as a Social Movement - Essay Example A survey done by The Search Institute whose findings have been accumulated in a book "A Fragile Foundation: The State of Developmental Assets among American Youth" has identified 40 assets or building blocks classified into 08 categories required for a healthy development of a child, many of which were found missing in the life of an American child. As a result, an average American child is building his life on a fragile foundation resulting in their problematic behavior. The first four asset categories focus on external structures, relationships and activities that create a positive environment for youth and include loving and caring support from family, friends and teachers, a feeling of being valued and having clear-cut rules about the expected behavior and consistent consequences of breaking them, to be and do their best, opportunities outside of school to learn and develop new skills and interests with other youth and adults. The next four categories reflect internal values, ski lls and beliefs that young people need to fully engage with and function in the world around them and include commitment to learning and a belief in their own abilities, having strong guiding values or principles to help them make healthy life choices and having Social Competencies to interact effectively with others, to make difficult decisions and to cope with new situations. They also need to believe in their own self-worth and to feel that they have control over the things that happen to them. As American society was found miserably lacking in providing their youth an environment suitable for their young ones to flourish in, there is an urgent requirement of augmenting the efforts on the scale of a national movement and already more than 300 communities have started initiative to mobilize resources and motivate all sectors of the community to help build those building blocks required for the well-being of our young generation. One of the most effective ways to the positive development of our youth as envisaged by many organizations which are sincerely working in this direction is through channelizing youthful energy in community building work. This programme for Youth leadership and Development works on the principle of considering youth as an asset to themselves and shifts its stress from youth's needs and problems and lays it on considering them as a powerful tool to tackle societal evils..According to them as pure human capital in community ventures, youth offer tremendous and often untapped contributions. Young people's exuberance and optimism alone can make rich additions to efforts to strengthen communities. Yet all too often youth are seen only as heirs to the future, trustees of posterity who will in some distant future finally take their place as partners in civic life. For many community organizations and programs, youth are underused resources, overlooked and marginalized. However, those organiz ations and projects that do involve young people as integral and respected leaders and participants, are not only enriching their endeavors, they are also exercising a powerful and promising strategy for youth development. The Innovation Center for Community and Youth development, a project of the Tides Center, a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting people working for social change is working in strategic partnership with key individuals and institutions and with youth and adult staff and volunteers who share a devotion to the potential of

Political science 2 question paper on civil right and civil liberties Essay

Political science 2 question paper on civil right and civil liberties - Essay Example een trampled upon by the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (a contrived acronym meaning Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism), established in the aftermath of September 11th to protect Americans from the threat of future terror on American soil. Controversial from the outset, the Patriot Act represented a serious departure from established legal norms and prior American jurisprudence with respect to civil liberty legislation (ACLU 2008). Following an analysis of the Patriot Act, this brief essay will explore the key motivations behind the U.S. Civil Rights Movement by exploring those who fought institutionalized racism and discrimination during the latter half of the twentieth century. We now turn to the most important challenge to civil rights and liberties in this country, the US Patriot Act and its effects on the right to privacy, freedom of assembly and due process in the 21st century. Created under the pretense of securing the United States against the threat of terror in the wake of 9/11, the Patriot Act of 2001 significantly strengthened the scope of powers afforded to law enforcement agencies while redefining the term terrorism to include domestic terror, i.e. homegrown terror perpetuated by American citizens. Accordingly, this Act significantly sought to redefine the rights of law enforcement vis-Ã  -vis the rights and liberties of the American public.This Act increased the powers of law enforcement agencies to gain access to previously protected forms of communication include telephone conversations, email, financial, medical, business and other private recorder. Additional powers relate to the surveillance and detention of immigrants and broad powers of detention are given to law enforcement agencies with respect to immigrants in the United States. Major criticisms of the USA Patriot act are leveled at the fact that this particular piece of legislation tra mples over civil liberties and

Project Management Plan Essay & Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management Plan & Presentation - Essay Example Application of these systems have proved to be insufficient in operations of Qatar Hospitals and requires improvement. As such, this current system will be replaced by an Integrated Hospital System (HS) in order to improve the performance of the hospital operations. The new systems seeks to update the hospital system in the wake of technological advancement especially during emergencies. The purpose of Request for Quotes is to request proposal to replace the current Qatar Hospitals Systems with a new integrated Hospital System (HS) for greater functionality and integration with other vital information systems. The Request for Quotes indicates the basic requirements of the project, hardware and software and description of RFQ process. The resolution of this document is to express the communications strategies and goals of the sustainable integration project. These advanced goals and strategies are anticipated to offer direction in planning and evaluating results of the present and forthcoming communications efforts. The sustainable packaging project Communications Management Plan (CMP) expresses the project’s organization and procedures of information screening, collection, distribution and formatting of project information. The communication log for this project helps track communication as follows. The plan will be aimed to document the tools, processes and procedures that will be used to achieve and control those events that could have a negative effect on this project. All the risks that are related to the project. The details regarding identifying the risk, assessing, risk tracking and reporting as well as risk contingency plan will be included. The identified risks are presented as

Engineering management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engineering management - Coursework Example All quality control and quality assurance affairs including ISO certification and auditing fall under the responsibility of Director Quality Assurance. The entire network of demand and supplies is handled by the logistics while accounts and related administration tasks fall under purview of the director administration. Crouch (2003) defined mission as organization’s statement of purpose and vision as organization’s statement of future position. The mission of the company is â€Å"Produce highly reliable aviation parts for its customers†. The company’s vision is â€Å"Be a leader in design, development and production of aviation parts†. The core values of the company include: According to Balthazard and Cooke (2004), organizational cultures have positive or negative effect on the efficiency of organization and employees. Handy (1976) identified four types of organizational cultures as: Power Culture. The type of culture largely depends on power and is determined by a key role figure (Struwig & Smith 2002). Here one or more individuals affect the working practices, management style and beliefs in the organization. Pretorius (2004) is of the view that many organizations exhibit power culture. Role Culture. The role culture is based on the job descriptions, rules, standard procedures and is bureaucratic in style. Pretorius (2004) describes such organization’s working characterized by rules, procedures and job descriptions. According to Bredenkamp (2002), managers would depend on procedures, existing systems and defined roles of communication for making decisions and conflict resolution. Task Culture. In this type of culture, organization is project orientated (Struwig & Smith, 2002). Pretorius (2004) refer such culture as a project management team where emphasis is on accomplishment of assign tasks and getting results. Person Culture. In this type of culture, an individual acts as the

Critically assess the extent of the benefits of adopting international Dissertation

Critically assess the extent of the benefits of adopting international financial reporting standards in lieu of a country's dome - Dissertation Example However, intense training is needed by the employees while implementing IFRS which in turn increases the cost in the financial recording process. Therefore, the adoption of IFRS over the already applied financial standards in the national context is quite likely to give rise to a few noteworthy challenges besides its advantages. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1.Introduction 4 2.Creation of International Financial Reporting Standards 5 2.1 IFRS in Political Environment in UK 8 2.2 Controversies Related to the Adoption of IFRS in UK 9 2.3 Advantages of Converting Into IFRS 10 2.4 Requirements to Attain Maximum Benefits from IFRS 13 2.5 Tax Impacts of Transitioning Into IFRS 15 2.6 Challenges Related to Incorporation of IFRS 15 2.7 Other Related Challenges 18 2.8 Concerns Arising from Implementation of IFRS 20 2.9 Reasons behind Altering UK GAAP 21 2.10 Differences between IFRS and UK GAAP 21 2.11 Critical Review of Adoption of IFRS 22 3.Conclusion 24 4.Recommendations 24 25 References 26 1. Introduction Comparing the financial statements of different reporting enterprises becomes a cumbersome task owing to the deviation in procedures along with the principles taken into account by these organisations in designing financial statements. With the intention of making these methods and principles uniform as well as comparable to a certain extent, financial recording standards are created. Theoretically, accounting standards are termed to be the statements of policy of practice which belongs to regulatory accounting bodies (Pearson Education, 2012). This policy of practice needs to be observed in the preparation as well as the presentation of the financial statements. In simple terms, accounting standards can be identified as written documents offered by the regulatory bodies within the nation or even in the international ground. It tends to comprise of numerous components such as measurement, treatment, revelation and presentation of the accounting transactions (ICAEW, 2012). The chief objective of enforcing accounting standards is to eliminate differences in the treatment related to numerous accounting aspects and hence to initiate uniformity in the financial presentation which further facilitates an accurate and transparent disclosure of monetary facts concerning a particular business. Accounting standards also aim to harmonise the varied accounting policies which is generally followed while creating and demonstrating the financial statements by distinct financial enterprises in order to assist in proper comparison between the inter-firm and intra-firm (ICAEW, 2012). However, in various occasions it has been observed that companies which function in accordance to the nationally implemented strategies often have to face certain challenges when adopting the internationally grounded financial standards. As noted by Brown (2011), â€Å"there will always be winners and losers from changes in accounting standards, if only because of their distributiv e effects, undoubtedly some consequences are regarded by companies and investors as, on balance, bene?cial† (pp. 269). Emphasising on these various aspects, the objective of the

Engineering management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engineering management - Coursework Example All quality control and quality assurance affairs including ISO certification and auditing fall under the responsibility of Director Quality Assurance. The entire network of demand and supplies is handled by the logistics while accounts and related administration tasks fall under purview of the director administration. Crouch (2003) defined mission as organization’s statement of purpose and vision as organization’s statement of future position. The mission of the company is â€Å"Produce highly reliable aviation parts for its customers†. The company’s vision is â€Å"Be a leader in design, development and production of aviation parts†. The core values of the company include: According to Balthazard and Cooke (2004), organizational cultures have positive or negative effect on the efficiency of organization and employees. Handy (1976) identified four types of organizational cultures as: Power Culture. The type of culture largely depends on power and is determined by a key role figure (Struwig & Smith 2002). Here one or more individuals affect the working practices, management style and beliefs in the organization. Pretorius (2004) is of the view that many organizations exhibit power culture. Role Culture. The role culture is based on the job descriptions, rules, standard procedures and is bureaucratic in style. Pretorius (2004) describes such organization’s working characterized by rules, procedures and job descriptions. According to Bredenkamp (2002), managers would depend on procedures, existing systems and defined roles of communication for making decisions and conflict resolution. Task Culture. In this type of culture, organization is project orientated (Struwig & Smith, 2002). Pretorius (2004) refer such culture as a project management team where emphasis is on accomplishment of assign tasks and getting results. Person Culture. In this type of culture, an individual acts as the

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay Example for Free

Bad for Teenagers Worldwide Essay This research paper mainly deals with how hip-hop music and things that are related to hip-hop are bad for teenagers. Some factors to be found that affect the teenagers are their lyrics or language used, media, clothes integrated, cross-over appeal, gender bias and racism, and the potential of this culture to break ethnic groups in our society. This also tackles some punishments that might be incurred by the youth from the bad effects of hip-hop. The hip hop traditions have pervaded all the rage way of life in an extraordinary manner. While shaped by â€Å"black youth† on the road, the impact of hip hop has turned out to be global. It has undertaken the outer reaches, to the peripheries, and into the communal panel quarters. Even though that the hip hop customs is a probable intense merger of varied populace for the reason that it has its massive traverse attractiveness, it still has its drawback effects. Having its collective influence on teenagers, the concept of hip hop has the aptitude to carry political, societal and trade and industry concerns in the way of life by exposing the public perceptiveness on what is in actuality occurring worldwide and negative aspects on the society and teenagers in particular (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2007). Language Hip hop in the contemporary time is not similar as it appeared when it started. The precedent hip hop did have a discussion with reference to troubles of existence and music was merely for enjoyment. Different from the earlier period, the present day hip hop confers about subordinates and diversion. Each and every recent hip-hop composition are about the flight of the imagination vivacity as being prosperous, having grandeur, and catching every gorgeous lass, thus altering the standards of living of youngsters. They also influence the teenagers psyche on how to get all these assets aside from rigorously exerting one’s effort in a genuine job. The hip hop lyrics sway them to just vend illegal drugs, filch, and do not be concerned regarding other people. Street verbal communication is broadcasted to the hip hop ethos in the course of rap melody (Williams, 2003). One can perceive the sound of a hip hopper by means of the similar colloquial speech as the African American performers. Irrespective of their civilization, they use words like the word â€Å"nigger† which is one of their most common terms, with some customary belittling connotation of the remark. The rap performers may be revealing narratives of their jagged existence all the way through compositions, however the language used is wreaking the mentality of the listeners, does somehow indoctrinating them, as they tend to take note of the libretto over and over again. The majority of hip-hop music has exaggerated lines to gain lure more interest and sales. Hooligan hit, which shamelessly portrayed fugitive demeanor in the metropolitan, became prevalent. Media The channel of hip hop give the impression of being awfully accommodating of this kind of song and facilitates performers a great deal for their endorsements. Countless television programs have been allotted to hip hop. New-fangled records are constantly publicized on small screen. In point of fact, radios are also enormously especially significant for the progress of hip hop melodies since the youth can have the opportunity to eavesdrop various sorts of the hip hop songs everywhere. Even subversive kinds of music are aired here. These media are the factors that thrust them in the hip hop realm. Ahead of backing hip hop additionally, all hit music videos on music television or MTV must be evaluated well at the same time the youth cohorts of hip-hop must be monitored. If a small screen program can detonate a person from expressing his outlook on certain matters, then recording corporations should also be able to lay off artists for affronting people. Hip hop songs expose this class of aggression and compulsion around sexual pursuits as ordinary affairs. There is an existing reception among adolescents of the type of â€Å"sexual objectification† eminent in this manner of composition, and its displayed videos (Dickinson, 1998). Clothing As indicated by Kakutani, city juvenile African-Americans have drafted in the clothing of higher class whites as a sign of being short of authority in American civilization. Despite the fact that definite stuff achievement maybe unfeasible, the justification for embellishing luxurious branded get-up items is to put forward a picture of victory (1997). A means to utter contempt is by making out with the rebel figure of the street. A lot of fair children are civilizing sightseers who put on a pedestal the extremely ghetto living that numerous black youth desire to getaway. As an alternative of the dreadful transience degree for black adolescents, they perceive the thrill of hostility and as a substitute of aggravation, they set eyes on the vocal disobedience of that annoyance. She also proposed that this explicit channel of emblematic manifestation of teenagers have been converted into the biggest addressees of gangster music. Dark pelt and smeared tresses corresponded to the zeitgeist. The period of 1990 has become subjugated by hip hop style. This is made up of saggy denims showed very slackly, caps displayed rearwards, extra-large tops, and costly sporty footwear. This trend, distinctive from that of the other age groups, has inimitably crossed nearly every cultural frontier. A noteworthy quantity of African American, Whites, and Asian teenagers, without a doubt, get dressed the correspondingly despite of their background (Kakutani, 1997). Cross-over appeal For the reason that hip hop becomes an growing craze, colossal business corporations such as branded shops, industrial stores, and food chains in fact have profited from this occurrence (Salzman, Smith, and West, 1996). While detractors of the hip hop traditions appeared to be paranoid on the implication of sexual characteristics, brutality, and ruthless lingo, this field provides the youth of an archetype of what could be. In the equivalent stratum, the hip hop culture has defied the scheme in conduct that have amalgamated persons, predominantly the youth, crossways an abounding cultural variety. Notwithstanding this maturity of teenagers toward the sense of right and wrong of a nation for advancement, they all the same accepted a facade of American hip hop celebrity verves. Youngsters, alcohol, merrymakings, automobiles, posh garments make up their milieu. They typically do this to demonstrate their control although as a substitute of that, they are debasing their representation and showing a ghastly paradigm to the young people. Hip hop genre which give the impression to be acting the equal part which is to congregate the adolescents as one for an enhance awareness of societal matters and as a result, youngsters are urged to move violently for countrywide settlements. That is why events and performance are continuously prepared to allow the adolescents to put across their way of thinking and behaving through these avenues (Reese, 1998). Gender bias and racism Loads of individuals believe that Hip hop songs and traditions have an immoral power on the youth and that these have an unscrupulous standing of demeaning females through compositions that employ nasty colloquial speech and label females as â€Å"hoes†. What is sardonic is that the performers bring into play renowned terms, nevertheless if was to be told, it would sound as a racist. The artists do not become conscious that the youth is more affected by their kind of songs than any other. They ponder that coarse-hood living is breezy, amusing, and ferocity on the roads is hip, too. Moreover, if the commerce indicates agreement of librettos upholding abhorrence and taking advantage of the females are more and more acknowledged as valid types of inventive demonstration, hip hop music will certainly continue. Such well-known artists like Eminem has obtained a large amount of appreciation and awards delinquent hip hop music which is idolized by many. According to an interview with Dr. Gwendolyn Pough, â€Å"It definitely has an impact on young women, especially young black women† and there exists a few correlations to the themes of hip hop music and how a quantity of juvenile females picture themselves or perform (Alexander, 1998). That melody can generate a frame of mind for the youth and currently, there is a mounting penitentiary female inhabitant for their dealings, for vending illegal items and executing offenses for their boyfriends. A commended multimedia display intended to replicate female encounters with pestering, declares that hip hop melody has at all times been manipulative since it is so undemanding to absorb. It is an idea that females are perceived as things that is acceptable to be merely handed over along the guys. Punishments As stated by Rose in 1991, the associations between trendy society and lawbreaker regulations make available a brief account of hip hop customs, with particular consideration to the violation of directives that is present at the hip hop customs origin. This describes the bearing of hip-hop to the modern discussion in criminal decree erudition about public conventions. The point expressed is that â€Å"street† felony is a chief peril to the youth’s welfare and interests. Each of the notions of penalties such as vengeance, preclusion, incapacitation, and treatment, has come to more projection because of the inventive propositions of hip hop line of attack (Butler, 2004). It initially presents the inkling to engage retaliation as for the belief that for each deed there is an equal rejoinder. Hip hop culture grasps chastisement in person. Several youth in the hip hop realm have been imprisoned or have relatives who have been detained. Reprimand is an implementation of the society’s law enforcement control, as well as a repercussion of personal associations. The hip hop principle of retribution for the youth recognizes that once numerous youngsters are gone from their areas for the reason that they are being damned by the authority, penal complex may have inadvertent costs. Reprisal must be the entity of castigation; nevertheless it should be restricted by critical public good. In a noteworthy period in American record, hip hop sounds are mulling over the outlays of chastisement. Daring, defiant, time and again blasphemous, its melody has multicultural critic since for an instance, the concepts of hip hop aired in different media without fail disapprove of the authority’s courses of action (Lewis, 1998). The most normally alluded to current case in point is harsher central consequences for the use of prohibited drugs such as â€Å"crack cocaine† by the youth. These states of affairs are difficult to envisage for the reason that most of American hip hop customs are not directly articulated politically. Moreover, there almost certainly would be extensive divergence among the creators and regulars of the hip hop scheme about what political views to promote. The chastisement for producers was in particular severe. This topic is not fresh or remarkably astounding within a democratic system wherein anyone would anticipate hip hop society to report to bylaw. The latent of hip hop customs, nonetheless, to manipulate regulations appears less palpable, perchance as hip hop is a merchandise of youngster way of life and conceivably as it give the impression to rejoice insolent and even fugitive demeanor (Africa Resource Center, Inc., 2006). There are a number of stuffs about the formation of hip hop under this category. Initially, numerous performers acquired an active vision of the regulations. The infringe edict did not discourage the graffiti performer, the patent ruling did not hinder the disc jockeys from checking out any hip hop songs that they sought after, and the assets rule did not put off the jockeys from taking advantage of electrical energy from road posts at community recreational areas. Additionally, the hip hop way of life was more about reprocessing or remixing rather than generating out something new. Practically countless hip hop performers labeled themselves reflecting of the criminal directive. As a conclusion, hip hop traditions are atypical, habitually plainly opinionated. Its affairs of state are not all the time straightforward to uncover, and on a few matters, there is an immense multiplicity of viewpoints. Hip hop characteristics indeed presents a lot of disadvantages for the youth as these not only harm them physically, but also mentally. On the evenhandedness and efficacy of American iniquitous impartiality, the hip hop population seems to be dangerously addresses as solitary and the acts of certain groups of youngsters may be hazardously carried out in the society. In the modern account of the world, it is challenging to believe that another leading style of well-liked tradition is growing at a larger scale since several teenagers seem to be listening and adapting the fashion. Hip-hop customs also creates physically powerful set of circumstances for a revolution of criminal impartialities worldwide in the future.Bearing in mind the aforementioned negative factors, this prospect ought to have further inspections and assessments. References: Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2006). Black Life, its Culture, Politics and Consciousness, for â€Å"All Over the World†. ProudFlesh Journal. Africa Resource Center, Inc. (2007). Hip-Hop Culture. Academic Peer-Reviewed Journals. Alexander, Keith L (1998, December). Hip-Hop Magazine Gets Fiery Start, Good and Bad, USA Today interview, 30. Butler, Paul (2004, April 1). Much respect: toward a hip-hop theory of punishment. Introduction: The Hip-Hop Nation. Dickinson, Chris (1998, January 4). 3-CD Set Chronicles History of Rap,† Everday Magazine, 3. Kakutani, Michiko (1997, February 16). Common Threads: Why Are Homeboys and Surbanites Wearing Each Others Clothes?. The New York Times Magazine, 18. Lewis, Gregory (1998). Hip Hop Gives Birth to Its Own Black Economy, The San Francisco Examiner. Reese, R. (1998). The Hip Hop Culture and Ethnic Relations. Far West and Popular Culture Conference From the Fringe. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www.tolerance.org/

The Challenges Posed By Digitalization And The Internet Media Essay

The Challenges Posed By Digitalization And The Internet Media Essay No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher? Perhaps, we all have read this phrase or a similar phrase somewhere at sometime. Similar warnings can be found in the movie credits, covers of music albums and similar other digital works which we can find in the Internet and other digital devices. How many of us have actually paid heed to such warnings? Almost always, nobody does. Everybody uses the Internet as if it is a limitless source of all that we need and want. The Internet is one big library. It is made up of numerous computers and devices which are connected together and carry data which can be transmitted to the other computers in the database. It has all the information that everyone virtually needs. Books, music, photos, news and many other kinds of information can be found on the Internet. Some for free and some for a fee. It is one big library without a librarian. And that is where the big problem lies. Nobody actually monitors what information you get from the internet and how you intend to use it. Most of the time, you can save or download any information that you need and do whatever you want to do with it at the click of a button. The Internet not being owned by anyone nor controlled by anyone is thus considered as a public domain. Everybody can have access to digital information which is usually free and available for all. With the Internet, the privacy of millions is threatened. Is there anything that we can do if a photo we posted online is being reposted by someone unknown in another website? Can we stop another person on the other side of the globe from copying the thoughts that we have posted on the blog? Are there even laws spanning across territories that we can invoke to protect us? Is it even possible to know and pinpoint who the person responsible is? Almost always, the answer to these questions is a big resounding No. This privacy problem is even compounded in areas of Intellectual Property. It refers to those property rights which result from the physical manifestation of original thought (Martin, 2002). Copyright is one of the areas covered by Intellectual Property Laws. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, Copyright refers to that system of legal protection an author enjoys in the form of expression of ideas. This covers protection given to authors with regards to his scientific, educational, literary or other works; musical compositions of a composer; painters and other artists with respect to their work of arts; and many others not limited to such enumeration. Prior to the era of digitalization and the Internet, these copyrighted materials only exist in printed form, usually on paper or on canvas. These works have specific laws which protect their use from infringement. Any unauthorized reproduction, distribution, display or derivatives can be considered infringement, subject to certain rules and standards set in the laws. However, as we have reached the digital age, these works have been made available through the Internet also. Due to this, the problems have arisen, problems which have not been covered by most Copyright laws. What constitutes reproduction or distribution or display in tangible form does not equate to reproduction, distribution or display over the Internet media. Strictly speaking a work cannot be the subject of an infringement unless there is something tangible which shows such. The same no longer holds true with the digitalization and Internet. The Copyright System and Laws are thus unable to effectively respond to the challenges posed by digitalization and the Internet. The Challenges Posed by Digitalisation and the Internet We know that schools, businesses, hospitals and various other institutions have date which can be useful to other organizations. Many of these data can be accessible by digital copies and through online. This resulted to the era of databases which can be accessed by almost everyone in the planet. Some argue that this is an invasion of privacy as well as an infringement of copyright rights. Copyright may be vested in a work closely similar or even identical to an earlier, already patented work, provided that the former is truly original (Martin, 2002). The Internet, as helpful and convenient as it is, has been a cause of a major problem when it comes to intellectual property laws. The Internet has paved way for the unauthorized collection, use or sale of copyrighted materials. It is not only famous authors or artists which are protected by copyright laws. Davis (1997) once suggested the idea that individual users of the Internet also have property rights. Whatever we write or put on the Internet which are from our own personal thoughts or ideas or works are our own private intellectual property and as such we have the right to protect it and should not be copied by just about anyone online. Copyright puts a limitation on the volume of information or material that a person can reproduce without getting a license to copy first (Gillespie, 2007). A copyright can also be a limitation on artistic choices as artists cannot even make artistic works which are similar to that which has already been copyrighted (Burrell Coleman, 2005). This may sound as nothing important for Internet users but for people who are the owners of copyrighted works, this is very important. Many people in fact do not understand the idea of Copyright Laws and how it works. Lets examine the case of authors and the books they write. With the digitalization and the Internet, books in paper have been transformed into electronic books and can be easily saved in millions of copies in a device even smaller than a matchbox. Electronic books, otherwise called ebooks are books in electronic form which can be read on the computer or any ebook reader device (Schwabach, 2006). These days, people dont buy books as often as before. Thanks to the Internet. Or perhaps, no thanks to the Internet? Remember way back ten years or more ago, people buy encyclopedias, almanacs and atlases which come in 20 book sets or more. People buy Bible books for children in sets of 10 or more. Often, these are done in set-ups of monthly installments which in this day and age seem illogical. Why would you need 20 books when you can just Google? Why would you need four feet of space for a set of books and magazines when you can just buy a computer and use two feet of space for information which cannot be contained in even a room full of books? We admit, more and more people are reading ebooks, they are cheaper, they do not take space and they can last a lifetime. Many of these ebooks can be copied online for free and are allowed to be disseminated over the Internet for several reasons, such as when they are already available in the public domain or the author chose to publish it free for all (Schwabach, 2006). However, not all authors are like this. There are also many authors who have placed restrictions in the ebooks and thus do not allow any unauthorized or unpaid copies to be made and distributed. There goes the problem with the Copyright Laws. Another favorite in the Copyright infringement with this boom of the digital and Internet era is the mass reproduction and dissemination of movies. Movies are cinematographic works of art. Usually, the producer has copyright for purposes of exhibition; for all other purposes, the producer, the author of the scenario, the composer, the film director, the author of the work are the creators and thus have the copyright protection. In this day and age, anyone can download movies through the Internet and store them in memory drives. One downloaded movie can be reproduced a million times, recopied in DVDs, transported to different areas of the globe, and watched in millions of homes countless times. This is very common and not everyone knows that this is actually infringement. Third scenario, have you ever heard of controversies involving speeches made by people and would later be found to be copied verbatim from a speech made on the other side of the globe and which can be found online? We have heard of these a lot. You can use it as a speech in a remote area and when fortune favors you, nobody would ever know that you copied that piece from an article you read online. No one will ever know and everyone who has listened to such speech will think of how brilliant a speaker you are. Little did they know, you not only plagiarized the speech, you have also broken certain laws. Yes, you are in the eyes of the law, a criminal. In these scenarios, somewhere, someone has the right to relief and damages for such mass reproduction and dissemination of the movies, for the plagiarized speech, for the ebooks which have been copied and passed hundred of times. The one who is responsible for the infringement exposes himself to criminal liability wherein the law prescribes penalties of imprisonment and fines. This can be easy in the past. But in this world of vast connection of wires all over the globe, how easy is it to catch who is responsible? How can authors, musicians and artists ask for damages when they do not know in the first place who is responsible? And, is there really a clear law which defines infringement of Copyright laws over the Internet? In the past, it has been clearly laid down what constitutes copyright infringement and which doesnt. In the past, it has been clearly laid down who is entitled to copyright protection. In the past, it has been clearly laid down who owns the copyright. In the past, it has been clearly laid down what constitutes Fair use. The Fair Use Doctrine refers to the fair use of copyrighted work for the purpose of criticism, educational purposes, news reports, research and other similar purposes. Fair Use does not constitute infringement. In this instance, fair use in tangible media and fair use over the digital networks and the Internet seem to be the same. In the payment for damages, some laws lay down rules on assessment on the basis of the proof given by the author or artist of sales made by the infringer of the infringing work deducted by whatever costs the infringer may be able to prove (Martin, 2002). With the copyright infringement happening on the Internet, sometimes sales do not even take place, there is but a free for all reproduction of copyrighted works. We can see that in addition to losing protection from infringement, the author or artist also loses any chance of getting any amount of damages for compensation. Are information found online in this age of the Internet and digitalisation owned absolutely by their authors or artists, or is there some form of joint ownership with all the other users of the Internet? Does the fact that a copyrighted photo is found online give the Internet users the absolute right to use it? If that is so, then it goes to say that we have all become owners of whatever information that we can find on the Internet, right? Wrong. In some instances, there are owners of copyrighted materials such as music and books which allow specific transfers to internet users without any copyright infringement taking place (Rimmer, 2007). For example, the importation of a copy of a work by an Internet user for solely personal purposes shall be permitted without the authorization of the author of, or other owner of copyright in, the work under certain circumstances as laid down by law. When copyrighted materials are sold over the internet, there is no tangible medium. It is thus only the right to use which is being passed to the one who is buying the copyrighted digital works (Schwabach, 2006). Thus, technically speaking, a digital work which is sold online may not be sold by the buyer to another. That right to sell only belongs to the real owner of the digital work. The buyer only has the right to use, he can read or listen to the digital work but he does not have the right to sell it. The same analogy goes true when buying a DVD. If you buy a DVD and you copy the contents of the DVD and then sell the copied DVD, you are guilty of infringement. These are just some of the hundreds of challenges that are faced by the Copyright System and which have to be dealt with to protect artists, authors and others who have created manifestations of their brilliant ideas. It is therefore important to examine and to address the rights associated with the people who are owners of information or media disseminated over the internet (Gillespie, 2007). We, the billions of Internet users in the planet, are not the owners of every thing that we can find on the Internet. There is nothing to prevent you or me from downloading the latest movies, or posting a video of yourself online singing the latest chart-topping song of a music phenomenon, or posting an exceptionally beautiful painting made by your neighbor and claiming it as your own. A cornerstone in helping the problem with copyright protection is to inform the general public about rights and duties of owners of copyrighted materials and the Internet users (Wolf, 2003). Being socially responsible for whatever we download and use from the Internet may seem like the best possible option at present. Sad to say, but authors and other owners of copyrighted materials do not seem to have any avenue to defend their Copyright protection. Novel efforts must be made to explore how Intellectual Property Laws on Copyright can be amended and streamlined for the digitalization and Internet use. No matter how good the countrys Intellectual Property Laws are, these are still not designed for the digital and the Internet era. These laws have proved lacking, giving more freedom to Internet users and stripping Copyright owners of the Copyright protection that laws have given them. Conclusion What the Internet and digitalization gives away with one hand, it usually takes away with the other. The Internet and digitalization may have opened a whole lot of doors for everyone, but it also creates a very serious problem with regards to the use and abuse of information. Different jurisdictions all over the world have made the recognition that with the boom of digitalization and the Internet, privacy is almost impossible and the laws on copyright are unable to effectively respond to this. Movies, books, music and similar digital works have been the subject of numerous infringement which does not seem to stop anytime soon. Many challenges are faced by Copyright Laws because of digitalization and the Internet. Among these problems are the inapplicability of present Intellectual Property Laws, the lack of control in the information dissemination of the Internet, the easy access and download of various digital works over the Internet and the seeming lack in social responsibility and awareness of many Internet users, to name a few. A lot of people are actually unaware that not everything that we find on the Internet can be copied and used to our hearts content. And even if people knew, they either do not understand or do not care. Besides, what would stop them from infringing copyrighted works? The vast interconnection of wires and computers almost makes it virtually impossible to catch someone who is responsible for downloading and copying several copies of a movie, a song, a book, a photograph or similar works. In conclusion, until a perfect law against infringement of copyrighted digital materials over the internet is made and implemented, or a perfect socially responsible Internet- and digitally-savvy community of users exists, there is no specific and effective solution to help the owners of Copyrighted materials against these challenges that they face in this age of digitalization and the Internet.

The Industrial Heartland :: essays research papers

The Industrial Heartland There are basically seven factors that must be met before an industry can start to take place in a particular area. Those seven factors are: raw materials, transportation, energy, markets, labour, capital, and government. The Industrial Heartland is almost like one big industry, connected in a vast megalopolis. I'll be taking a closer look at these factors and the way this area meets the locational factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Heartland is an area that includes: Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, Washington DC, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Delaware, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Raw Materials(ex. iron ore, coal, limestone etc.) is an unprocessed material used as the base for primary industry. The Industrial Heartland has many different mining sites throughout it. (ex-the nickel mine in Ontario, mines in Pittsburgh, Gary, Baltimore, Hamilton, Sault Ste. Marie....etc.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transportation is extremely important in this area. Most mines and mills are located by waterways to make transportation readily available for it's transport's. Coal, limestone, and many other kinds of mines use the Great Lakes to transport, which happens to be in the middle of the Industrial Heartland. They usually have tons of material to move so water transportation can carry lots of material, it's cheap, but it's also slow. Another important route in this region is the St. Lawrence Seaway, which was an significant factor in the decision of industries to locate in this region. Other main waterways in this region are: Ohio River, Mississippi River, New York State Barge Canal System, New York Harbour, Philadelphia Harbour, and Baltimore Harbour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also Railway to consider for transportation. They can almost go anywhere in this region, but they are more expensive than Waterway transport, and not as adaptable as trucks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truck hauling is considered the best for most of the transport. Though the cost of fuel has increased over the years, trucks are still the main carrier of cargo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy, is one of the most, if not the most important factor for industries. Every industry needs power, energy. Some sources of energy are: Hydroelectricity, Thermal electric, natural gas, and coal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hydroelectricity is a good choice for energy for home requirements, but for industry, they need tremendous amounts of energy. To meet the requirements of an industries power, the industry would have to locate near the hydroelectric plant, and there is just simply not enough hydroelectric sites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thermal electricity is a commonly used power source for industry. It's convenient for the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Markets refer to trade, selling of goods to consumers. The Industrial Heartland offers many places for markets, as it has a large population,

Oedipus the King :: Classics

Oedipus the King "Oedipus the King" Essay Oedipus Rex lived his life knowing the fate to which he was destined. He tried at all costs to avoid Apollo's prophecies; however, this only led him to a state of tragedy and despair. This outcome made it justifiable for the educated reader to label him as a "tragic hero." Oedipus' obvious identification made it all the more difficult to investigate the question as to whether there could be more than one "tragic hero" per novel. The supporting characters of Jocasta and Laius were possibilities, and in the following paragraphs, their likeness to a figure of tragedy will be expressed. The character of Laius had already died the moment the play began, however, because his presence played such a significant role in the novel, the reader was still able to determine a great deal about him. The biological father of Oedipus had been the reigning king and he lived in riches with his wife Jocasta in wealth and riches. This state of prosperity eventually was transformed into a pathetic end when he was killed in the street by his own son. This fulfills the first property of a tragic hero. Laius also experiences pain that had been partially self-inflicted. He sent his son, Oedipus, away to be killed at an early age, and in the end, it was this discarded son that killed him. Laius then must have realized that this "pain" was the result of allowing others to do his dirty work. If he had had the courage to kill the infant himself, then the misfortune of dying at the hand of his son would have been avoided. Not wanting to sway from the stereotypical traits of a king, Laius exhibited a pride that was largely displayed in the situation that had him killed. Instead of leaving the road for Oedipus to pass, he insisted on maintaining his stature and he "tried to push [Oedipus] off the road" (p.56). This is more specifically defined as "hubris", and is another essential characteristic of a tragic figure. Similar to the unyielding pride of a king, is the expression of one's mind at the expense of his own body. Again, the crossroads situation can be used, as can the general nature of a typical king, a personality from which Laius did not sway. The preceding two points illustrate the main flaw of Laius, King of Thebes. It has many times been proven that pride can be one's downfall, and the existence of this trait in Laius' personality, and the fact that it was this that killed him, prove that he experienced

Importance of Health Care

In the early 1800, public officials were making collective efforts to control communicable diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, and measles. In order to reduce the presence of communicable diseases, quarantine measures often became law. People who were contaminated were placed in isolation in order to avoid spreading the disease. The education and training of health care workers during this time lacked strong controls and regulations. The hospitals were not cleaned and they were considered of a place to go to die. By the late 1800, a number of vaccines and serums were developed in order to protect the public against contagious disease. Many health professionals have attempted to define health, which is very broad. Physical health is perceived as the normal functioning of the body†s cells, organs, and systems. Mental health is characterized by an ability to deal constructively with reality. Social health has to do with education status, crime rates, poverty, and divorce. Spiritual health is giving and receiving love, trust, joy, and peace; having a sense of selflessness, honor, integrity and sacrifice for others. Several factors must be considered in dealing with health problems in a community. Geography, topography, social and cultural factors along with tradition and social norms have significant impact on the community. Despite marvelous advances in medical technology, health care is limited or even nonexistent for many Americans. That†s the reason why in 1977, the World Health Organization recognized the need for Health for All by the Year 2000†³ an unusually optimistic goal. Poverty keeps individuals from obtaining needed health care services. The United States is the only major western country that does not have comprehensive health care for all its citizens.

“One Art” by Elizabeth Bishop Essay

In her poem, â€Å"One Art,† Elizabeth Bishop constructs a poem that reveals a struggle with mastering the issue of loss. Through the use of a villanelle, Bishop utilizes the significance of structure and word choice to further the meaning of her work. Bishop crescendos each stanza to create a firm foundation for the dramatic conclusion, and incorporates expressive words throughout the poem to illuminate the last stanza’s attitude shift from that of carelessness to seriousness. The villanelle form is a type of love poem and Elizabeth Bishop’s use of this is appropriate for her poem about lost love. The first five tercets (three lined stanzas) begin by speaking of small objects (keys) then grow to large items (continents). The final stanza is a quatrain (four lined stanza) that contains the occasion and attitude shift of the poem. The poem’s first line â€Å"the art of losing isn’t hard to master† resurfaces throughout the text to reiterate the speaker’s opinion on the mastery of loss. And the repetition of the third line’s final word â€Å"disaster† is a key to the meaning of the poem. Bishop’s word choice furthers the significance of loss and love throughout the poem. Since the first and third lines repeat within the text the middle lines of each stanza remain different from each other. The endings of each middle line have the same rhyme pattern and collectively they spell out an ultimate loss-† intent†/ â€Å"spent†/ â€Å"meant†/ and â€Å"went.† The speaker, in the beginning, is impersonal and does not mention any valuable item which was lost. In the second stanza the speaker explains how to master the art of loss, and urges the readers to practice, making it a habit: â€Å"Lose something every day (line 4).† The â€Å"lost door keys, the hour badly spent (line 5)† become materialistic entities and lost time. The third stanza contains a dynamic list of uncontrollable loss. By choosing the phrase â€Å"losing farther, losing faster (line 7),† Bishop illustrates movement in time, ultimately symbolizing loss. The simple shift from the third stanza to the fourth allow for a more personal touch to the poem with the addition of the word â€Å"I.† Bishop chooses the â€Å"mother’s watch† to symbolize time and the link between generations. The lost watch makes tangible the feeling of inevitable loss. The speaker also sequences her losses- â€Å"my last†/ â€Å"next-to-last.† Stanza  five is the final tercet that includes materialistic items lost by the speaker. The loss of spacious and lavishing objects such as â€Å"cities†/ â€Å"realms,† â€Å"rivers,† and â€Å"continents† can not compare to the feelings the speaker acquires from the loss of love in stanza six. The final stanza, the quatrain, contains an attitude shift from that of invincibility to somberness. By implementing â€Å"you,† Bishop transformed the poem into a personal piece by breaking away from the pattern of inanimate objects and incorporating an actual being. Although the tone is of a more personal nature the details are still muffled. The parenthesis around â€Å"(the joking voice, a gesture/ I love)† creates a caesura for the reader, allowing a pause before confronting the uncertainty of the last lines. The first line refrain varies its form in line eighteen with the addition of the word â€Å"too† which seems to second-guess the original assertion that loss â€Å"isn’t hard to master.† And in the closing line the repetition of â€Å"likes† postpones the final word that the speaker is so hesitant to admit-â€Å"disaster.† The parenthetical statement â€Å"(Write it)† is a self-prompt that conveys the energy needed to actually allow the word â€Å"disaster† to be recognized. By putting it in writing the speaker is accepting the fact that they have not yet mastered the art of loss. Bishop’s use of the villanelle form and strong word choice collectively work together to illustrate the speaker’s private sorrows over a lost love without including a self-pitied tone. The poem reveals a struggle for mastery that will never be attained. One does attempt to master loss but the recognition of powerlessness may be a more efficient method to tame loss.

Keats Yearned to Transcend the Human Condition Essay

â€Å"Keats yearned to transcend the human condition but could only find a temporary respite from mortality.† Discuss. Keats, through his poetry, has in effect risen above the mortality which was so prominent in his psyche both temporarily and permanently. Much of Keats’s poetry can be seen as an attempt to explore Keats’ acute awareness and musings on the transience of human life. Coloured by his experiences of life and death, and ironically captured in his own sickness and early demise, there is evidence in his poetry which displays moments of visionary understanding of imminent mortality; albeit interspersed within the ambiguous poetry of a man struggling to come to terms with one of life’s most complex mysteries. Keats life experience was of upmost importance in forming this awareness. Contacts with death such as the death of his brother Tom at a young age, as with other members of his family, had a profound impact on the poet. ‘To Autumn’ displays this heightened sense of time and its passing. The vivid description of the transition between the seasons gives the reader an almost snapshot like vision of a moment at the end of autumn with â€Å"all fruit with ripeness to the core;† (I. 6) However we are subtly reminded that this atmosphere of â€Å"fruitfulness† and â€Å"warm days† may soon be destroyed by the â€Å"winnowing wind† of the imminent winter. By the final stanza of the poem, we are given the harrowing reminder of the ready to be slaughtered â€Å"full grown lambs† (III. 30) and the â€Å"gathering swallows† which signify that the new season is pending. At these times it appeared he found a temporary respite through exploring his tortured nature through his poetry. Ward describes poems he wrote in the â€Å"dark months† where he contemplated the subject of death as: â€Å"the only release; poetry itself was a kind of communication with the immortal dead, or of the dead with one another, and the and the poet a birdlike figure who escapes who escapes the bonds of the earth to join them.† (Ward 40) Poetry in a sense provided a method of relief and catharsis for a man surrounded by and near to death. However, Keats yearned to achieve a much more extensive release from the human condition than that gained through the writing of poetry. A letter to George Keats after Tom’s death displayed how this experience congealed John Keats’ belief in immortality: â€Å"The3 last days of poor Tom were of the most distressing nature†¦ yet the common observations of the commonest people on death are as true as their proverbs. I have scare doubt of immortality of some nature or other- neither had Tom† (Walsh 57). A letter to Fanny exposes Keats’ longing to extend his being beyond that of a mortal life: â€Å"how short is the longest Life- I wish to believe in immortality. I wish to live with you forever.† (Ward 359) Keats’ own, soon to be fatal illness surely emphasised the transitory nature of life. The final line of Keats’ Last Sonnet provides additional evidence of this fixation with the capacity for immortality: â€Å"Still to hear her tender- taken breath,/ And so live forever – or else swoon to death† (13– 4). This refusal to accept death and the end of his life is replicated with a powerful allusion to Greek myth at the beginning of ‘Ode to Melancholy’: â€Å"No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist/ Wolf’s- bane, tight- rooted, for its poisonous wine† (1- 2). Keats, immensely aware of his mortality sought to procure an escape, a means of escaping this doom. Where he was to subsequently find this was through the art of poetry. Ode to a Nightingale explores the relationship between arts and immortality. The nightingale’s song is used as a gateway into the immortal world; a world completely removed from the fleeting mortal one. With the song of the nightingale having been heard and admired by the human race for thousands of years, there is a sense of immortality in its melody which Keats envies: â€Å"Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird,/ No hungry generations tread thee down† (VII. 70- 1). Keats’ heartfelt anguish towards the nightingale is based on the belief that while the individual bird is mortal the species’ artform, that is song, lives on. Likewise Ode on a Grecian Urn, based on an intense meditation on art by Keats, further explores Keats’ interest in mortality, and the capacity which some forms of art have to escape it. â€Å"The theme of what is gone before is the arrest of beauty, the fixity given by art to forms in life which are fluid and impertinent, and the appeal of art from the senses to the spirit† (Garrod in Fraser 68). The artefact which has survived and is being admired for 2,200 years in a sense has a mastery over time which Keats as a mortal does not: â€Å"Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought/ As does eternity.† This admiration for art and the artist is furthered at points in his poetry, including in his inferring to ‘Old Meg’ as an, albeit at a more unassuming level, artistic person who â€Å"with her fingers old and brown.. Plaited mats o’rushes.† However, the assumption of Keats holding a steadfast and absolute belief in the capacity for a human to, by some means, achieve a form of immortality may be questioned. Ambiguities and paradoxes in many poems may provide suggest that while there is an obvious interest in the power to retain some form of mortality; this belief is not as unconditional as this. He constantly wrestles with the idea. One critic states that: â€Å"He has found no haven in the world. He is not the fanatic who lives within the mortal security of his safety, which is the security of dogma. Nor is he the dreaming savage who is insecure in his mortality and can thus only guess at heaven† (Pollard 118). This more balanced interpretation of Keats’ opinions can be seen especially in the latter parts of poems which may have begun with a positive emphasis on immortality succeeding over the power of time. In the final stanzas of ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ the whole poem is revealed as effectively a deceit. The nightingale is after all mortal: â€Å"a deceiving elf.† Perhaps Keats’ desire to come in contact with a more sensuous and perpetual world is in fact materialising in a fantasy: â€Å"Was it a vision, or a waking dream?/ Fled is that music: – Do I wake or sleep?† (VIII 79- 80). Similarly while ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ at first admires the ability of art to have a sense of permanence, this viewpoint transforms in the latter stages. The figures on the urn are, however beautiful, only an artist’s attempt to capture the human nature and event’s portrayed. The paradoxical nature of the poem means that the probing questions asked ultimately have no satisfactory answers. In searching melancholically for synthesis, Keats is conscious of how the concept of eternity is, and always will be, a mystery to us. Ode on Melancholy is another such poem which may substantiate claims that Keats acceptance that art and beauty may not be an essence which has complete immortal qualities. Mayhead (96) argues that this is the case: â€Å"The Melancholy Ode accepts the impermanence of beauty and joy as inevitable†. Keats understands that in a sense â€Å"beauty must die† (III. 21); not all works of art will be able to withstand the test of time. However for Keats art is, if not an actual way to achieve a level of immortality, then the best option he believes he can attempt. This agnostic awareness of the temporary state of human life at this point was heightened by his illness and imminent death. One of his final poems, ‘Sonnet’, perhaps most obviously displays this yearning to transcend the human condition, and an almost prophetic mention of how the poet will find this exemption from mortality: â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be Before my pen has glean’d my teeming brain, Before high piled books† (1. 1- 3). Keats longs that his writing’s and creativity will, as a form of art, carry his existence to higher, almost platonic level. Whilst providing temporary respite the impermanence of the human conditions at points through his art, Keats through his works, has managed to further extend his influence far beyond his life on earth through his writings. Works Cited Fraser, G. S. ‘Part 3: Recent Studies.’ John Keats: Odes. London: MacMillan, 1971. Mayhead, Robin. ‘1: The Odes II.’ John Keats. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967. 95- 101 Pollard, David. The Poetry of Keats: Language and Experience. Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1984. The Complete Poems of John Keats. London: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1994. Ward, Aileen. John Keats: The Making of a Poet . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986. Walsh, William. ‘3: The Development of Self.’ Introduction to Keats. London: Methuen and Co., 1981.